对导热炉大气污染物排放执行标准的探讨

目前，相关环境标准中均未明确制定关于导热炉大气污染物的排放内容。因此，对于导热炉的大气污染排放，各环境管理及监测部门均没有统一的执行标准。本文从导热炉工作原理、污染物排放特点等方面进行了分析，对其执行标准提出了个人的观点。     

Evaluation of the temporal variations of air quality in Taipei City, Taiwan, from 1994 to 2003

Data collected from the five air-quality monitoring stations established by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration in Taipei City from 1994 to 2003 are analyzed to assess the temporal variations of air quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) is adopted to convert the original measuring pollutants into fewer independent components through linear combinations while still retaining the majority of the variance of the original data set. Two principal components (PCs) are retained together explaining 82.73% of the total variance. PC1, which represents primary pollutants such as CO, NO(x), and SO(2), shows an obvious decrease over the last 10 years. PC2, which represents secondary pollutants such as ozone, displays a yearly increase over the time period when a reduction of primary pollutants is obvious. In order to track down the control measures put forth by the authorities, 47 days of high PM(10) concentrations caused by transboundary transport have been eliminated in analyzing the long-term trend of PM(10) in Taipei City. The temporal variations over the past 10 years show that the moderate peak in O(3) demonstrates a significant upward trend even when the local primary pollutants have been well under control. Monthly variations of PC scores demonstrate that primary pollution is significant from January to April, while ozone increases from April to August. The results of the yearly variations of PC scores show that PM(10) has gradually shifted from a strong correlation with PC1 during the early years to become more related to PC2 in recent years. This implies that after a reduction of primary pollutants, the proportion of secondary aerosols in PM(10) may increase. Thus, reducing the precursor concentrations of secondary aerosols will be an effective way to lower PM(10) concentrations.     

Biomonitoring of heavy metals by pollen in urban environment

Abstract Industrial development and consumption of petroleum products leads to increase air pollution levels especially in urban and industrial areas. Heavy metal components associated with air pollutants have far reaching effects with respect to economic and ecological importance of pollens. The pollens are male reproductive organs of the plant and travel through air from flower to flower for pollination purpose. During this period they are exposed to air pollutants. Present investigation thus pertains to study of effect of air pollutants on pollens especially biosorption and bioaccumulation of heavy metals. The pollens of three commonly occurring plants namely Cassia siamea, Cyperus rotundus, Kigelia pinnata have been studied from the NH-6 of Nagpur city, India. The pollens exposed to polluted air showed the presence of higher concentrations of Ca, Al and Fe as compared to unexposed pollens. Higher concentration of these metals was observed in Cyperus rotundus followed by Cassia siamea and Kigelia pinnata. These results indicate that pollens act as good indicator of air pollution giving results in short time of exposure of 5–10 h. Apart from this, it is also reported that some of these metals play crucial role in the metabolic activity in pollens for example Calcium is necessary for growth of pollen tube and other metabolic activities in pollens. The presence of these metals in pollens may also enhance the allergenicity of the pollens. Similarly accumulation of heavy metals may also deteriorate the quality of pollen for their economical use. The viability of pollen is also affected by these pollutants in sensitive species leading to impairment of their fertility.     

Application of GIS in the study of mass transport of pollutants by Adyar and Cooum Rivers in Chennai, Tamilnadu

Residential, industrial, commercial, institutional and recreational activities discharge degradable and non-degradable wastes that reach the coastal water through rivers and cause coastal pollution. In the present study, mass transport of pollutants by Adyar and Cooum Rivers to the coastal water as a result of land-based discharges was estimated during low tide. The lowest and the highest flow recorded in Adyar varied from 514.59 to 2,585.08×10⁶ litres/day. Similarly, the flow in Cooum River fluctuated between 266.45 and 709.34×10⁶ litres/day. The present study revealed that the Adyar River transported 53.89–454.11 t/d of suspended solids, 0.06–19.64 t/d of ammonia, 15.95–123.24 t/d of nitrate and 0.4–17.86 t/d of phosphate, 0.004–0.09 kg/d of cadmium, 0.15–1.29 kg/d of lead and 3.03–17.58 kg/d of zinc to the coastal water owing to its high discharge. Similarly, the Cooum River transported 11.87–120.06 t/d of suspended solids, 0.08–58.7 t/d of ammonia, 6.11–29.25 t/d of nitrate and 0.66–10.73 t/d of phosphate, 0.003–0.021 kg/d of cadmium, 0.02–0.44 kg/d of lead and 1.36–3.87 kg/d of zinc. A higher concentration of suspended solids was noticed in post monsoon and summer months. An increase in the mass transport of ammonia, nitrate, phosphate in summer months (April and May) and an increase in the mass transport of cadmium, lead and zinc were observed in monsoon months (October–December) in both the rivers. Thus mass transport of pollutants study reveal that Cooum and Adyar Rivers in Chennai contribute to coastal pollution by transporting inorganic and trace metals significantly through land drainage.     

新疆石化工业区颗粒物含水量和酸度对二次无机组分形成的影响

大气二次污染物是新疆独山子区大气污染物的重要组成部分,研究大气中二次组分的转化过程对区域大气污染治理有着重要意义.对新疆独山子区2015年9月至2016年7月采集到的样品进行水溶性组分分析.结果表明,水溶性无机离子(TWSIs)表现出与PM_(2.5)一致的季节变化,为冬季(67.86μg·m~(-3))秋季(13.77μg·m~(-3))春季(10.09μg·m~(-3))夏季(4.85μg·m~(-3));冬季二次无机离子(NH~+_4、SO~(2-)_4和NO~-_3)占TWSIs的98%;结合气溶胶热力学模型(E-AIM)探讨独山子区大气颗粒污染物中颗粒相含水量以及颗粒酸碱性;表明独山子区颗粒物呈酸性,年均原位pH为0.81,其中冬季样品的pH(2.93)值最高;颗粒含水季节变化为冬季(331.32μg·m~(-3))秋季(5.91μg·m~(-3))春季(5.46μg·m~(-3))夏季(1.62μg·m~(-3));年均氮氧化率(NOR)和硫氧化率(SOR)分别为0.13和0.47,表明区域污染物存在二次转化;进一步分析表明颗粒相中的硫酸盐质量浓度受到颗粒含水量和颗粒酸碱度的影响较为明显;高的颗粒相含水条件下区域硝酸盐的形成主要以非均相反应为主.     

典型西南工业城市柳州市核心区大气污染物时空分布与气象因素研究

为研究柳州市核心区大气污染物浓度时空变化规律与气象因素之间的关系,统计分析了2018年全年研究区内6个自动监测站点PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO的浓度监测数据和气象站气象数据,并对28次超标日污染物来源进行了解析.结果显示:①核心区颗粒污染物污染较为严重,且以PM_(2.5)为主的细颗粒污染物仍为柳州市主要的大气污染物;各污染物月均浓度季节差异显著,除NO_2外柳州大气污染物浓度下降明显,指示柳州市多项节能减排综合整治措施成效显著;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO受早晚高峰期影响,浓度日变化均呈双峰型;NO_2在不同季节峰型不同,作为O_3前体物其浓度日变化与O_3相反,呈现"早峰午谷"的变化趋势.②通过对污染物浓度插值发现,由于核心区主要工商业区位于西部且处于主导风向下风向,故PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度西北高、东南低,PM_(10)、NO_2和CO浓度西南高、东北低;核心区东部的山区为O_3生成带来大量前体物,使O_3浓度东南高、西北低.③由于气候特征,核心区春、夏季主要气象因素均为降水量;秋季的主要气象因素是风速,风速与污染物的负相关关系表明了风的扩散效应;冬季大部分污染物与气象因素的相关性不显著,表明人为因素对污染物的影响大于气象因素;核心区大气污染物主要来源于局地排放和区域传输,且南北主导风向对大气污染影响最大.④HYSPLIT模型结果指示柳州超标日大气污染物主要来自于珠三角地区,且陆源颗粒物浓度普遍比海洋源高,来自南部的远距离输送气流颗粒物含量最低,表明远距离输送为影响颗粒物传播的主要原因.     

临沂市区主要大气污染物的污染特征及其对居民健康的影响

大气污染是全球性的公共环境健康问题.本研究基于临沂市区2015年6种大气污染物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃）的逐日监测数据,分析了污染物的污染特征及其与气象因子的相关性,通过构建广义相加模型,模拟分析了单个污染物与居民呼吸、循环系统疾病门诊人次的暴露-反应关系.结果表明,PM_2.5和PM₁₀是临沂市区首要大气污染物,NO₂和SO₂次之,O₃和CO浓度较低;除O₃外,其它5种污染物之间呈显著正相关,与风速、温度、相对湿度3个气象因子呈负相关,浓度水平冬季高、夏季低;O₃与温度呈显著正相关.对于呼吸系统疾病,单个污染物每增加10 μg·m^-3（CO每增加0.1 mg·m^-3）的最大效应情况是：PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO均在当天（lag0）使得门诊人次分别增加0.36%、1.77%、1.29%、0.69%,PM_2.5和O₃分别在累积滞后6 d（lag05）和单日滞后3 d（lag3）使得门诊人次分别增加0.6%和1.07%;对于循环系统疾病,单个污染物每增加10 μg·m^-3（CO每增加0.1 mg·m^-3）的最大效应是：PM_2.5、PM₁₀均在累积滞后5 d（lag04）使得门诊人次分别增加0.72%、0.80%,SO₂、NO₂均在累积滞后6 d使得门诊人次分别增加3.55%、3.54%,CO和O₃则分别在当天和单日滞后3 d使得门诊人次分别增加0.77%、1.39%.对于呼吸、循环系统疾病,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO、O₃对男性的影响均大于女性,SO₂则反之;NO₂对男性呼吸系统和女性循环系统影响较大.大气污染物对少年（7~17岁）呼吸系统和对中年（41~65岁）循环系统影响较大.临沂市区6种大气污染物存在不同程度的污染,对居民呼吸、循环系统疾病均有不同程度的影响,且存在性别和年龄的差异.     

中国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放时空分布特征

基于我国2000~2017年食用菌年产量数据,采用排放因子法估算了菌糠露天焚烧的污染物排放量,利用Mann-Kendall法和聚类分析法分析了排放量的时空分布特征,使用回归分析法预测了污染物的排放趋势.结果表明：（1）2000~2017年全国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放量持续上升,PM_2.5、CO₂、CO、CH₄、NMVOCs、PAHs、NO_x、SO₂累积排放量分别为1.40×10⁶,3.48×10⁸,1.99×10⁷,8.43×10⁵,2.08×10⁶,3.00×10⁴,6.34×10⁵,8.29×10⁴t;（2）污染物排放量较高的省区包括山东、黑龙江、浙江、湖南、江苏、福建和河南,排放量较低的省区包括贵州、宁夏、天津、北京、新疆、重庆、甘肃;（3）预计2021年菌糠焚烧污染物总排放量高达4.25×10⁷t,其对生物质焚烧污染物总排放量的贡献率约为19.82%.我国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放规模较大,应予以重点关注.     

2-丁烯醛生产废水的臭氧脱毒预处理

CMW（crotonaldehyde manufacturing wastewater,2-丁烯醛生产废水）污染物浓度高、毒性强、直接采用生物法处理难度大.为了降低CMW的生物处理毒性,采用臭氧氧化法对CMW进行脱毒预处理,并通过考察不同臭氧氧化条件对废水COD_Cr、TOC（总有机碳）、UV_{254 nm}去除率及SMA（specific methanogenic activity,比产甲烷活性）抑制率的影响,获得了优化的臭氧氧化条件,进一步分析了废水脱毒机理.结果表明:①优化的臭氧氧化条件为接触反应时间180 min、初始pH 3.0、反应温度35℃、气相臭氧浓度30.3 mg/L,进气流量500 mL/min;并且在该条件下,CMW中COD_Cr、TOC和UV_{254 nm}的去除率分别为19.9%、9.9%和70.6%,主要特征有机污染物[包括2-丁烯醛、（E,E）-2,4-己二烯醛、3-（2-甲基-2-丙烯）-5-戊内酯、1,5-二甲基-1-烯-4-羰基-环氧己烷、山梨酸乙酯等]的去除率在74.4%以上.②厌氧产甲烷毒性试验结果显示,CMW的SMA抑制率由臭氧氧化前的82.0%降至臭氧氧化后的47.2%.③反应动力学研究显示,CMW中COD_Cr、TOC及UV_{254 nm}的去除过程均符合一级反应动力学方程,R2分别为0.82、0.97、0.94.研究显示,臭氧氧化预处理可以较好地去除CMW中的特征有机污染物,降低废水的厌氧生物处理毒性,是一种可行的脱毒预处理方法.      

近10年中国三大经济区太阳总辐射特征及其与O3、PM2.5的关系

采用中国地面气象观测站网2007~2016年的辐射日值数据集和中国空气质量在线监测平台2014~2016年逐日观测数据,分析了京津冀、长三角和珠三角近10a太阳总辐射年际和季节变化,近3a臭氧日最大8h平均（O_{3_8h_max}）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的污染过程频次变化,通过不同因子及其不同强度等级的分型统计,探讨PM_2.5、O_{3_8h_max}与太阳总辐射的关系.结果表明：京津冀近10a太阳总辐射显著上升,京津冀春季和珠三角夏季太阳总辐射显著上升.三大经济区PM_2.5污染过程年频次均呈现逐年递减,且从北到南递减;O₃污染过程年频次时间上呈现先减后增,空间上京津冀多于长三角和珠三角.三大经济区O_{3_8h_max}与太阳总辐射相关系数均在0.71以上,有较强的正相关;而PM_2.5与太阳总辐射的相关性具有区域差异性.三大经济区不同季节不同太阳总辐射下O_{3_8h_max}与PM_2.5的相关关系差异显著,其中京津冀春夏秋三季O_{3_8h_max}与PM_2.5在强太阳总辐射下有较好的正相关,冬季则存在一定的负相关;长三角四季两者相关性均较弱;珠三角夏季两者正相关最为显著;不同PM_2.5浓度下O_{3_8h_max}与太阳总辐射的线性拟合效果较好,体现出较强的正相关关系,各经济区拟合曲线的倾向率均随PM_2.5升高而增大.PM_2.5>75μg/m³时拟合优度均达到最大.